Preparation for Final Exam; The first section is 10 questions about 100 words for each, Section B is approximately 800 words, six choices answer one questions.
Cases to review: pages 21, 66, 94, 109, 197, 294.
General feedback on assignment 2 - Great to show you've read the material and have used references, need to incorporate your reflection, critical thinking, justification of the issues. Better to show you understand the knowledge and to show how it can be applied to different cases.
Review Ethics and Law... Ethics is not covered as well as Law.
Can refer to cases as part of an argument, when it's about ethics it's about privacy, law and ethics.
Can refer to a case, don't need to quote directly...
~ Studying Journalism at JCU in Townsville, Australia.
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
Tuesday, May 21, 2013
Ethics in Indigenous Reporting
Ethics vary from one community to another. Ethics change according to the time or era. Becoming a custom to the ethics and what's expected in the community or place you at can often be learned through communicators or other local journalists who have experience in that area.
Read a report into the Report on Indigenous Voices in mainstream media.
Portrayal of indigenous people are divided into noble and savage according to Frances Peters-Little, an Aboriginal film-maker who has observed the TV portrayals of indigenous people.
Read Wikipedia's information on Media portrayals of Indigenous Australians.
Portrayal of indigenous people are divided into noble and savage according to Frances Peters-Little, an Aboriginal film-maker who has observed the TV portrayals of indigenous people.
Read Wikipedia's information on Media portrayals of Indigenous Australians.
- Labels such as half caste, quarter caste, full blood are usually offensive. So is questions the amount of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander blood an indigenous person has is not welcome.
Regional terms used by Aboriginal people to describe each other according to their home country, such as Nyoogar, Murri, Nungah, etc are preferable for accuracy and also helps to not cause any offence.
Grammar - Do not use acronyms to refer to Indigenous people (e.g. TSI or Abl.) Most aboriginals prefer not to be called Aborigine.
Most Aboriginal people use the word Indigenous with a capital letter. This applies only to Australian Indigenous people. Pronounciation should also be checked for accuracy. Subtitles should be checked for accuracy of translation. Accurate spelling as well.
Conduct - Speak in a manner that can easily be understood, as English can often be a second language of the people your interviewing. Do not mimic Aboriginal speech patters if you are using words of the local language. Be sensitive to non-verbal communication. Keep technical words to a minimun (avoid jargon that could make your source feel uncomfortable).
Cross-check with the indigenous people if your story is in-line with what they meant during the interview (integrity and authenticity).
Basic questions to ask during the research phase; Is there a Local Aboriginal Land Council in the area, who are the people in the area, how do they wish to be referred to, Who can I approach to get permission to film or record, Is there anything sensitive or confidential in light of the information you'll be receiving.
Silence - Silence from an interviewee may not mean they don't have a question, it's a sign of listening, reflecting. Don't rush the source or repeat four times, give them time to answer your questions.
Aboriginals: Notion of silence, listening, waiting for support of the community.
Fiji: Silence is not a good thing
Culture in Burma (Mayanmar) may affect a way a journalist is to practice if they haven't previously studied the culture. Their main cultural difference with European nations include changes to dress, speech and manners.
Their dress is similar to that of India, though in businesses' it's acceptable to wear collared shirts etc. The main difference is in the way you refer to someone. The Burmese people use very age-oriented honorifics. For instance young males are addressed different with Ko while older senior men are addressed differently with U. A speaking vocabulary also exists for speaking to Buddhist Monks.
Burmese society also use a characteristic of feeling that has no English equivalent. It is characterized by hesitation, reluctance or avoidance, to perform an action based on the fear that it will offend someone or cause someone to lose face, or become embarrassed. There is also a concept of power, "hpon," which is the explanation of varying degrees of ethnic socioeconomic, gender differences between those in the society.
Be careful with your conversations as there are secret police, you are only endangering them by initiating a sensitive conversation, and undercover police abound – do not take any chances.
South-Pacific: Chiefly status, customary channels (New Caledonia), Curtailing of information (ethics imposed by customs), Sua (Samoa), Honorifics.
Cross-check with the indigenous people if your story is in-line with what they meant during the interview (integrity and authenticity).
Basic questions to ask during the research phase; Is there a Local Aboriginal Land Council in the area, who are the people in the area, how do they wish to be referred to, Who can I approach to get permission to film or record, Is there anything sensitive or confidential in light of the information you'll be receiving.
Silence - Silence from an interviewee may not mean they don't have a question, it's a sign of listening, reflecting. Don't rush the source or repeat four times, give them time to answer your questions.
Aboriginals: Notion of silence, listening, waiting for support of the community.
Fiji: Silence is not a good thing
Culture in Burma (Mayanmar) may affect a way a journalist is to practice if they haven't previously studied the culture. Their main cultural difference with European nations include changes to dress, speech and manners.
Their dress is similar to that of India, though in businesses' it's acceptable to wear collared shirts etc. The main difference is in the way you refer to someone. The Burmese people use very age-oriented honorifics. For instance young males are addressed different with Ko while older senior men are addressed differently with U. A speaking vocabulary also exists for speaking to Buddhist Monks.
Burmese society also use a characteristic of feeling that has no English equivalent. It is characterized by hesitation, reluctance or avoidance, to perform an action based on the fear that it will offend someone or cause someone to lose face, or become embarrassed. There is also a concept of power, "hpon," which is the explanation of varying degrees of ethnic socioeconomic, gender differences between those in the society.
Be careful with your conversations as there are secret police, you are only endangering them by initiating a sensitive conversation, and undercover police abound – do not take any chances.
South-Pacific: Chiefly status, customary channels (New Caledonia), Curtailing of information (ethics imposed by customs), Sua (Samoa), Honorifics.
Saturday, May 18, 2013
The importance of news radio in Australian contemporary society
News radio is an essential medium in our contemporary society. Radio has only been around for a little over a century and has shown itself to be the preferred medium for people to turn to for up-to-date information. Although radio may be a century old it has adapted to suit the various multimedia platforms available today. Australian radio, although influenced by other countries has been an early adopter of current trends in the industry. News radio is also one of the fastest ways for news to be broadcast to audiences. News on the airwaves is a necessary item that should be included in all radio programming.
When radio first became mainstream during the mid-1900s an American announcer known as Orson Welles became famous for his news alert prank that played on listeners fears of, “ferocious Martians.” This broadcast prompted thousands of people to call radio stations and police to confirm the news. (Rosenberg) The prank by Orson shows that the power of radio and broadcast news is unquestionable. Since Australia’s adoption of radio in the 1900s it has been used to communicate emergency messages about potentials invasions during wars. (Australian Government) Likewise, in Australia today we find the government still recommending Australian’s keep in their emergency kit a radio, should a disaster strike. (Department of Community Safety) In 2012, Commercial Radio Australia released a survey that showed the effectiveness of radio’s ability to reach audiences:
As the results show Australian’s definitely do spend time listing to the radio. Key findings from a national survey on the current state of news consumption found that 53 per cent of people still regard the radio as being a first point of contact for hearing their news. (Nguyen, Ferrier and Western 18) Despite Australian’s preferring the radio for news a trend in commercial radio has been, “journalist-shredding.” The practice first seen in the 1990s after changes to the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 allowed for commercial radio stations to broadcast, “public interest considerations in a way that does not impose unnecessary financial and administrative burdens on the providers of broadcasting services.” (Australian Government) This clause acted as a catalyst which prompted restructures throughout many radio stations. Looking further radio networks started forming which caused concern for radio journalists of the time, however it has now formed what is known as the, “Contemporary FM Radio Journalist.” (Raward and Johnston 65)
As analysed by Raward and Johnston as of December 2007, just 13 radio networks operated 80 per cent of Australia’s commercial radio stations. This although scary actually works remarkably well. In North Queensland the two largest networks; Prime Media Group and Southern Cross Austereo operate using the contemporary form of news radio. The Prime Media Group produces news bulletins for their stations across Australia from a central location on the Sunshine coast for each of the various locations they operate stations. (Prime Media Group) While Southern Cross Austereo takes a different approach, by having a journalist located at each of their stations. (Southern Cross Austereo) This journalist is then responsible for picking and choosing the appropriate stories for their audience. The contemporary approach to FM radio news has started a new revelation in radio allowing for it to be featured across other multimedia platforms.
Since the evolution of the web and the increasing availability of high-speed internet connections radio has found a place in emerging multimedia platforms. Almost all commercial and non-commercial radio stations offer streaming through the internet which enables people to listen to radio stations on their computers or smartphones. (1Radio) Streaming has also been complemented by text-based stories and podcasts. Andy Bull’s guide on multimedia journalism describes how audio clips can be used to enhance a text-based story:
The inclusion of radio news stories and other multimedia in online news websites is commonly practiced by the Australian news websites. A story by ABC journalist Josh Bavas looked at fears of asbestos particles in artillery drills; his story included a text story, images and audio. (Bavas) The audio report featured artillery gunshots during the introduction of the story which creates the dramatic effect that Bull described. Many radio stations also offer podcasts of their radio news bulletins. The ABC along with other radio networks offer podcasts of their radio programs. The benefit of podcasts is the listeners of the usual radio program can listen at a later date. (The University of Sydney)
News radio has also followed advancements in broadcast technologies. From the introduction of AM frequencies, to FM radio and now today’s digital radio revolution. Digital radio is the new frequency that enables those listening to see live-updates that are displayed at the bottom of their players screen. (videobus) This onscreen information can include messages about songs that are being played or the latest news headlines. (ABC) Advancements such as podcasts and digital radio have acted as a catalyst with the radio newsroom. Despite the advantages, journalists remain aware that their news reports need to reflect reporting styles that are appropriate for working within the radio industry. News reports on Australian radio stations are produced in accordance with both journalistic and government codes of practices. There are two main codes that set the ‘best practices’ for journalists that may be working in radio; The MEAA’s Code of Practice and the Commercial Broadcast Code of Practice.
The MEAA is the union of Australian journalists that provides 12 ‘best practices’ to ensure journalists recognize their public responsibilities. The MEAA’s eigth point should be of importance to a radio journalist:
The second, Commercial Broadcast Code of Practice outlines the responsibilities radio stations have in airing news and current affairs. Code of Practice 2 outlines the purpose of the code is, “to ensure radio stations promote accuracy and fairness in news and current affairs programs.” (Commercial Radio Australia) The consequences of breaching a code of practice can result in the journalist (or anyone involved in the story) losing their job. The ABC’s Media Watch program aired a story in April 2010 of a cameraman that repeatedly ignored the requests of two Islamic men leaving court to stop filming. The cameraman’s actions lead to a confrontation that was later aired on TV. The confrontation lead to his dismissal and in the words of Grace Morgan the lawyer of the men, “has the capacity to further erode the Islamic community's confidence in the media.” (Media Watch) The codes of practices are best followed if journalists are to be seen as ethical and moral members of the press giving a voice to the voiceless.
News radio is still of importance in today’s multimedia society. Radio can be adapted to suit; multimedia productions, it can be tied in with websites as a podcast or even be used as a voiceover for a series of images. Multimedia journalists are of great value to a contemporary society that demands forms of news mediums to connect in the world. Journalist’s that strive for producing ethical radio content gain the respect of their listeners and co-workers.
When radio first became mainstream during the mid-1900s an American announcer known as Orson Welles became famous for his news alert prank that played on listeners fears of, “ferocious Martians.” This broadcast prompted thousands of people to call radio stations and police to confirm the news. (Rosenberg) The prank by Orson shows that the power of radio and broadcast news is unquestionable. Since Australia’s adoption of radio in the 1900s it has been used to communicate emergency messages about potentials invasions during wars. (Australian Government) Likewise, in Australia today we find the government still recommending Australian’s keep in their emergency kit a radio, should a disaster strike. (Department of Community Safety) In 2012, Commercial Radio Australia released a survey that showed the effectiveness of radio’s ability to reach audiences:
“On average Australians spend nearly 16 hours listening to commercial radio each week. […]The amount of time spent listening means radio is the perfect medium for key messages to be heard and to be heard more often.” (Commercial Radio Australia 1)
As the results show Australian’s definitely do spend time listing to the radio. Key findings from a national survey on the current state of news consumption found that 53 per cent of people still regard the radio as being a first point of contact for hearing their news. (Nguyen, Ferrier and Western 18) Despite Australian’s preferring the radio for news a trend in commercial radio has been, “journalist-shredding.” The practice first seen in the 1990s after changes to the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 allowed for commercial radio stations to broadcast, “public interest considerations in a way that does not impose unnecessary financial and administrative burdens on the providers of broadcasting services.” (Australian Government) This clause acted as a catalyst which prompted restructures throughout many radio stations. Looking further radio networks started forming which caused concern for radio journalists of the time, however it has now formed what is known as the, “Contemporary FM Radio Journalist.” (Raward and Johnston 65)
As analysed by Raward and Johnston as of December 2007, just 13 radio networks operated 80 per cent of Australia’s commercial radio stations. This although scary actually works remarkably well. In North Queensland the two largest networks; Prime Media Group and Southern Cross Austereo operate using the contemporary form of news radio. The Prime Media Group produces news bulletins for their stations across Australia from a central location on the Sunshine coast for each of the various locations they operate stations. (Prime Media Group) While Southern Cross Austereo takes a different approach, by having a journalist located at each of their stations. (Southern Cross Austereo) This journalist is then responsible for picking and choosing the appropriate stories for their audience. The contemporary approach to FM radio news has started a new revelation in radio allowing for it to be featured across other multimedia platforms.
Since the evolution of the web and the increasing availability of high-speed internet connections radio has found a place in emerging multimedia platforms. Almost all commercial and non-commercial radio stations offer streaming through the internet which enables people to listen to radio stations on their computers or smartphones. (1Radio) Streaming has also been complemented by text-based stories and podcasts. Andy Bull’s guide on multimedia journalism describes how audio clips can be used to enhance a text-based story:
“Your audio report might be just a very basically edited addition to your text report. […] just as footage from a CCTV camera might offer a powerful visual addition to the story […], a dramatic sound clip might add a powerful audio element.” (Bull 104)
The inclusion of radio news stories and other multimedia in online news websites is commonly practiced by the Australian news websites. A story by ABC journalist Josh Bavas looked at fears of asbestos particles in artillery drills; his story included a text story, images and audio. (Bavas) The audio report featured artillery gunshots during the introduction of the story which creates the dramatic effect that Bull described. Many radio stations also offer podcasts of their radio news bulletins. The ABC along with other radio networks offer podcasts of their radio programs. The benefit of podcasts is the listeners of the usual radio program can listen at a later date. (The University of Sydney)
News radio has also followed advancements in broadcast technologies. From the introduction of AM frequencies, to FM radio and now today’s digital radio revolution. Digital radio is the new frequency that enables those listening to see live-updates that are displayed at the bottom of their players screen. (videobus) This onscreen information can include messages about songs that are being played or the latest news headlines. (ABC) Advancements such as podcasts and digital radio have acted as a catalyst with the radio newsroom. Despite the advantages, journalists remain aware that their news reports need to reflect reporting styles that are appropriate for working within the radio industry. News reports on Australian radio stations are produced in accordance with both journalistic and government codes of practices. There are two main codes that set the ‘best practices’ for journalists that may be working in radio; The MEAA’s Code of Practice and the Commercial Broadcast Code of Practice.
The MEAA is the union of Australian journalists that provides 12 ‘best practices’ to ensure journalists recognize their public responsibilities. The MEAA’s eigth point should be of importance to a radio journalist:
“Use fair, responsible and honest means to obtain material. Identify yourself and your employer before obtaining any interview for publication or broadcast. Never exploit a person's vulnerability or ignorance of media practice.” (Media, Entertainment & Arts Alliance)
The second, Commercial Broadcast Code of Practice outlines the responsibilities radio stations have in airing news and current affairs. Code of Practice 2 outlines the purpose of the code is, “to ensure radio stations promote accuracy and fairness in news and current affairs programs.” (Commercial Radio Australia) The consequences of breaching a code of practice can result in the journalist (or anyone involved in the story) losing their job. The ABC’s Media Watch program aired a story in April 2010 of a cameraman that repeatedly ignored the requests of two Islamic men leaving court to stop filming. The cameraman’s actions lead to a confrontation that was later aired on TV. The confrontation lead to his dismissal and in the words of Grace Morgan the lawyer of the men, “has the capacity to further erode the Islamic community's confidence in the media.” (Media Watch) The codes of practices are best followed if journalists are to be seen as ethical and moral members of the press giving a voice to the voiceless.
News radio is still of importance in today’s multimedia society. Radio can be adapted to suit; multimedia productions, it can be tied in with websites as a podcast or even be used as a voiceover for a series of images. Multimedia journalists are of great value to a contemporary society that demands forms of news mediums to connect in the world. Journalist’s that strive for producing ethical radio content gain the respect of their listeners and co-workers.
Friday, May 17, 2013
The TV News Story: Story Formats
A TV news story is referred to as a packaged in the industry.
In TV packages Piece to Camera generaly comes in midway through or at the end. The reporter sign off is at the end (Nicholas O'Sullivan, My Suburban News). There's also live crosses which is usually to the reporter first and then to their package or photos.
Terms: RVO (Reader voice over) or RVO+SOT, reader voice over with sound on tape.
Images or B-roll can follow the formula of anticipation, action and reaction.
Storyboards are helpful for making sure you get all the shots you need for your story, a good camera guy often has suggestions on improving those shots. It also helps with communicating ideas to a production team.
- A TV packages generally runs between 75 and 120 seconds long.
- Pictures are referred to as B-Roll and are used as overlaw throughout the story.
- The reporter voiceovers the the footage or pictures later (usually back in the studio).
- Grabs and interviews are commonly referred to as vox pops e.g. witnesses, politicians.
In TV packages Piece to Camera generaly comes in midway through or at the end. The reporter sign off is at the end (Nicholas O'Sullivan, My Suburban News). There's also live crosses which is usually to the reporter first and then to their package or photos.
Terms: RVO (Reader voice over) or RVO+SOT, reader voice over with sound on tape.
Images or B-roll can follow the formula of anticipation, action and reaction.
Storyboards are helpful for making sure you get all the shots you need for your story, a good camera guy often has suggestions on improving those shots. It also helps with communicating ideas to a production team.
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Unethical Reporting Justified
The jouranlist submitted a story and helped to expose the corruption with the Balinese police force.
Is this practice in journalism justified? The man didn't identify himself as being a jouranlist at the time and submitted a story afterwards? Is it justified by the public interest.
The incident has shone a light on the ugly side of corruption among public officials in Indonesia. A great many tourists and Westerners in Bali can tell you how they paid a bribe to a traffic cop to get out of trouble. It's generally about $20 but it adds up when you consider how many people they stop and "fine" in a shift.
Read more here: News.com.au.
Defamation requires ~ Publication, Defamatory imputation and Identification - First, the grounding of the action on the imputation or imputations pleaded and alleged to flow from the publication of the defamatory matter. Secondly, the question whether or not the falsity of the imputation ought to be an essential ingredient of the plaintiff’s cause of action. Thirdly the plaintiff needs to be identifiable either directly or indirectly.
What about this story, is this unethical? Today Tonight: refugees from journalistic decency.
Journalists who face ethical dilemmas are reminded to ask themselves …
What should we do in cases like this?Who will be hurt and who will be helped?Is there a better alternative?Can I justify this to other people or to the public?What principles or values can I apply?
Tuesday, May 14, 2013
Ethics & Moral Reasoning
Ignorance to journalism ethics or the law is unacceptable...
Plagiarism is not an acceptable attribute of a journalist - Turning in someone else's work as your own. It is also considered plagiarism if you only change just a few words from a press release.
Fabrication is to make up a story for the purpose of deception (Merriam-Webster Dictionary) Speculating on what may of happened is also fabrication.
Jayson Blair is an example of a journalist who had good skills but left his work after producing work that was plagiarised on more than one occasion. Watch a video of Jayson Blair admitting his error here.
Jayson was diagnosed with a bipolar disorder later in 2003.
Plagiarism is not an acceptable attribute of a journalist - Turning in someone else's work as your own. It is also considered plagiarism if you only change just a few words from a press release.
Fabrication is to make up a story for the purpose of deception (Merriam-Webster Dictionary) Speculating on what may of happened is also fabrication.
Jayson Blair is an example of a journalist who had good skills but left his work after producing work that was plagiarised on more than one occasion. Watch a video of Jayson Blair admitting his error here.
Jayson was diagnosed with a bipolar disorder later in 2003.
The most difficult thing for journalists is dealing with your name going on the story, but one thing to think before you publish the story is what harm can it do?
The importance of Server Documentation
Today we’re going to talk about server documentation. It’s something that should always be done, yet there are those that never create the documentation for their servers as it’s just not a high enough priority.
It’s great if you have a server backup configured but have you got any documentation regarding how to restore your backups? What’s the point of having a backup if it can’t be restored quickly?
You may say but Sam in the IT department knows it all! Stop this is the worst thing to say, what would happen if he was to get into a car accident and suddenly become a vegetable, you would be lost and would be faced with the hurdles of finding out just how much Sam had stored in his brain.
The benefits of having this documentation can help with accountability, governance and
compliance and troubleshooting just to name a few. It’s therefore the utmost importance for you to maintain good and up-to-date documentation.
I’m not going to give you instructions but I’ll mention a few points that you should have documented.
Documentation from General to the Specific – This type of documenation should cover content such as your point of presence (internet gateway) to devices on the network and servers. It should also cover your router configurations and any special configurations you may have for DHCP reservations or IP forwarding.
The following sections in our documentation lists processes for managing our virtual server. At the very least it includes our backup and recovery process.
Update Documentation – Once you’ve established your documentation it’s worthwhile to keep it up-to-date otherwise there’s not really much point to having any and all your hard work will have gone to waist!
System and Software Configuration – This section should cover any special configurations there are in the applications you use. For instance in our documentation for AuTechNet.com we’ve documented configurations for our phone system, we’ve also documented where an up-to-date backup of that system is. For your system’s configuration we find a copy of Belarac Advisor’s PC audit is enough for us.
Secure your Documentation – Currently our documentation is stored on our server, however once we’ve completed it the first edition we will encrypt it’s content using an encryption application.
Why would we need to do this? By encrypting your documentation you can limit who has access to seeing all the information about your servers and network configuration. This ensures only those that need to know, know, better still it means you have the ability to grant access. It’s every server admin’s worst nightmare to wake up one morning and find all your systems are documented and available over the internet.
Download a copy of our example server documentation here as a PDF or Doc.
Also published at: http://home.autechnet.com/2013/05/the-importance-of-keeping-server-documentation/
Also published at: http://home.autechnet.com/2013/05/the-importance-of-keeping-server-documentation/
 |
| Server Documentation |
Plex Media Server is stunning!
Have you ever needed a way to keep track of all your media files? Gotten sick of having to Google every movie for a synopsis before you make the decision to watch a movie? Well Plex Media Server is your solution.
Plex Media Server is a solution that’s cross compatible with Windows, Mac, Linux and even a bunch of NAS devices.
There are three main reasons why you would choose Plex over another media server solution; Remote Access, Sharing and Video Queuing features.
A fairly recent feature of Plex has been it’s remote access feature. It’s a painless setup that only requires you to open a few ports on your modem and PC’s firewall. The remote access feature enables you to access your media files both locally from any computer on your home network or even from your iPhone or Android over 3G. Though I wouldn’t recommend watching a full-movie feature every day, you may find it uses up your bandwidth and it probably would have been cheaper just to go to the video store.
Sharing is the other power that Plex has at it’s disposal. With Plex you can add your other friends that have a Plex install. This allows you to share movies in just a few clicks.
The third feature of Plex that sets it apart from the rest is it’s ability to que video files. This feature is handy if your out and about and don’t have time to watch a full YouTube video. The idea is you copy the video URL from the video sharing site and either click your bookmark link (get this from your myPlex account) or email the link to your myPlex email.
By signing up for a myPlex account you can all the great features of Plex at your fingertips; remote access, sharing and queuing.
 |
The stunning Plex Media Server Interface
|
Sunday, May 12, 2013
We Want Digital Radio in Townsville too!
Who in North Queensland has heard of Digital Radio? What's that you don't know what it is? Is it internet radio? No, it's not... Let me tell you.
Digital Radio (DAB+) is the next generation of frequencies which will eventurally replace AM and FM frequencies around the world. The main noticeable difference with DAB+ much like that of your digital television service is you will be able to see program details on your radio screen. This area of the screen could offer you a superior listening experience allowing you to easily determine the current song playing or even see what the topic of today's talk back program is.
Australia's capitals have been enjoying the luxuries of Digital Radio (DAB+) since late 2010. The video below shows just how much those living outside of the capital cities are missing out on.
So, what can we do to get DAB+ radio? Well we can petition the government by sending a letter to our local member of parliament. There's even website's setup already to urge the government to get the dice rolling sooner.
Visit We Want Digital Radio if you agree all Australian's should have free to air digital radio not just those in the 5 biggest cities.
If you agree,visit wewantdigitalradio.com.au and sign the petition.
What makes us feel good? The 'Ikea effect'
The 'Ikea Effect' is a cognitive bias where labor enhances affection for its results. Professor of psychology and behavioral economics at Duke University Dan Ariely gave a good analogy of the 'Ikea Effect.' He compared the effect with when packet cake mixtures were first introduced. You see people never brought cake mixtures when they were first introduced. So, the manufactures surveyed customers to find out why they didn't like the product. Was it the taste? No.
The results of their study showed that people weren't satisfied with the effort they had put in, by just pouring a little water into the mixing bowl and placing into an oven. They didn't have ownership of the cake and couldn't honestly say this is 'my' cake that 'I' made.
So, the solution was to take the milk and eggs out of the powder and allow them to do this themselves.
The results of their study showed that people weren't satisfied with the effort they had put in, by just pouring a little water into the mixing bowl and placing into an oven. They didn't have ownership of the cake and couldn't honestly say this is 'my' cake that 'I' made.
So, the solution was to take the milk and eggs out of the powder and allow them to do this themselves.
The general rule is make something and be more happy!
Saturday, May 11, 2013
I see colour... He listens to clour
Imagine not being able to see in colour.
It's something that most people take for granted. I've known only just a
few who have partial colour blindness but never heard of people having
complete colour blindness until I heard a talk given by Neil Harbisson.
Harbisson suffers from Cone Monochromacy (A strang of colour blindness)
and worked with a team of computer engineers to develop a technology to
hear colour. His guides you into hearing just what his experiences are
of meeting people; looking at their face and hearing their colour tone
or looking in art galleries and being in awe of picasso's paintings.
Neil Harbisson: I listen to colour
 |
| Above is a comparison of what it's like to see in B&W |
Should the promise of confidentiality have limits for Journalists
Should the promise of confidentiality have limits? Discuss
this question from both legal and ethical perspectives and provide an example(s)
to illustrate your argument.
Australian Journalists are liable for keeping confidences
with their sources. The question is often raised, more so in recent years as to
whether a journalist should reveal their sources as evidence when legal action
is taken against them. (in Pearson) This question brings dilemmas which involve
considering legal and ethical perspectives. Furthermore, recently the
Commonwealth Parliament and other states have either amended or considered
changes to their "Evidence Acts." (APH)
Before becoming a Commonwealth, Australia operated under the
British legal system which operated without a journalist ever being jailed for
refusing to reveal a confidential source. (Pearson, page 266) Though since the
late 1980s journalists have been jailed for obeying their ethical guidelines.
Between 1992 and 1994 journalists from prominent Australian organisations were
sentenced for not revealing sources of information made in confidence.
·
Courier Mail Journalist, Joe Budd, was imprisoned for not
revealing sources for an article which led to defamation action against the
courier mail. (in Pearson)
·
South Australian Advertiser Journalist, David Hellaby was
fined for refusing to disclose a source. (The News Manual)
·
Madonna King of The Australian was threatened with contempt
prosecutions for publishing material from a Queensland Criminal Justice
Commission investigation. (The News Manual)
Journalists like those mentioned above often find themselves
in contempt of court. This is due to the journalist holding to their ethical
code, to not reveal sources made in confidence.
There have been several calls for Commonwealth Parliament to
introduce a framework to protect journalists as summarised by the Queensland
Parliamentary Library and Research Service in their Shield Laws for journalists
research brief. (QPLRS) A submission to amend the
Evidence Amendment (Journalists' Privilege) Bill 2009 lapsed when parliament
adjourned pending the 2010 Commonwealth election. (QPLRS; ARK) The
amendment sought to expand matters which the court could use at its discretion
to determine whether or not to protect confidential sources.
While there is an argument that journalists should disclose
the sources of their information. Essentiality a journalist always seeks to
reveal the sources of their information as it builds credibility and trust with
the public. However, in some situations, information of public concern will not
be disclosed to a journalist if the information is not kept confidential. The
Media, Entertainment & Arts Alliance (MEAA) code of ethics states keeping
confidence is the cornerstone of a journalists' ability to maintain trust:
"Aim to attribute information to its source. Where a
source seeks anonymity , do not agree without first considering the source’s
motives and any alternative attributable source. Where confidences are
accepted, respect them in all circumstances." (MEAA, point 3)
Unfortunately the code of ethics has no legal standing. Though
there is a situation that a journalist can decide not to disclose a source by
using the 'Newspaper Rule' while in the introductory stage of a defamation
action or during pre-trial discovery procedures. (Ingham, page7)
The rule
allows the publisher to take responsibility for the content, making the sources
identity an unnecessary pursuit. It also prevents improper questions for the
sole aim of identifying more sources to be sued. (in Ingham) Pearson mentions
several cases through his book where courts have considered the rule. One such
case is Mayor's case (2001) which involved an article in the Sydney Morning
Herald which alleged conflicts of interest in property deals:
"Mayor's
case (2001). An article in the Sydney Morning Herald alleged conflicts of
interest in property deals involving a mayor of a suburban council... The
newspaper... objected to answering questions
in the interrogatories where the answer would disclose its
sources." (Pearson, page 272)
Justice
Simpson of the NSW Supreme Court applied the 'Newspaper Rule' and agreed that
the newspaper should be excused from "giving any answer to the extent that
the answer might identify the source of its information." (AustLII) The 'Newspaper
Rule' therefore provides no real safety for journalists as it ceases to apply
once the trial begins. (Ingham,
page7)
The 'Newspaper
Rule' is essentially the closest special privilege a journalist has until the
introductory of "Shield laws." Shield laws have been used to protect
a journalist from being held in contempt of court if they refuse to give
evidence for not disclosing their sources. These laws provide positive outcomes
for democracy as they protect sources
who may not come forward otherwise, by promoting the flow of information into
the public sphere. (ind Ingham) Although shield laws may seem straight-forward
there are concerns that they would be used by spin-doctors to hamper the
administration of justice.
In April
2013 the MEAA published a media release calling for a uniform approach to
shield laws for journalists, as currently they vary between the states. The
release discusses five journalists including Adele Ferguson who said:
"Right
now, I am faced with every journalists' most-feared nightmare: comply with a
court order to hand over documents that I promised would be kept confidential,
or face a jail sentence for contempt of court.” (MEAA, paragraph 6)
In agreement
with the MEAA no journalists should be subject to having to reveal their
sources of information if made in confidence. Journalism is essential in a
transparent democracy and shouldn't be punished for acting in the public
interest. (in Change.org) If Australia is to stay true to freedom of the press
or as the constitution puts it an implied freedom than a journalist must be
able to protect their sources.
Works cited
AustLII. " Cotter v John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd [2001] NSWSC
587" In 13 July 2001. Web 8
May 2012.
URL <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/supreme_ct/2001/587.html>
AustLII. "The Implied Constitutional Freedom of Political Communication and Australian Media Policy." In. 2003. Web 7 May 2012.
URL <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/supreme_ct/2001/587.html>
AustLII. "The Implied Constitutional Freedom of Political Communication and Australian Media Policy." In. 2003. Web 7 May 2012.
URL <http://worldlii.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UTSLRev/2003/4.html#Heading70>
Australia's Right to Know (ARK). "Submission to the Inquiry into
the Evidence Amendment (Journalists'
Privilege) Bill 2009." Inc. April 2009. Web 8 May 2013.
URL <http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/journalists/
submissions/sub08.pdf>
URL <http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/journalists/
submissions/sub08.pdf>
Australian Parliament of Australia (APA). "Evidence Amendment
(Journalists' Privilege) Bill 2009."
URL<http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_
Results/Result?bId=r4091>
Change.org. "Gina Rinehart: Withdraw your subpoenas against Adele Ferguson and Steve Pennells #pressfreedom." Web 8 May 2012
URL <http://www.change.org/en-AU/petitions/gina-rinehart-withdraw-your-subpoenas
-against-adele-ferguson-and-steve-pennells-pressfreedom>
URL<http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_
Results/Result?bId=r4091>
Change.org. "Gina Rinehart: Withdraw your subpoenas against Adele Ferguson and Steve Pennells #pressfreedom." Web 8 May 2012
URL <http://www.change.org/en-AU/petitions/gina-rinehart-withdraw-your-subpoenas
-against-adele-ferguson-and-steve-pennells-pressfreedom>
Ingham, Lorraine. "Australian Shield Laws for Journalists: A
comparison with New Zealand, the United
Kingdom and the United States." Australian National University. Web 7 May 2013.
URL <http://www.cla.asn.au/Article/ShieldLaws.pdf>
URL <http://www.cla.asn.au/Article/ShieldLaws.pdf>
Media, Entertainment & Arts Alliance (MEAA), "Media Alliance
Code of Ethics". Web 8 May 2013.
URL <www.alliance.org.au/code-of-ethics.html>
URL <www.alliance.org.au/code-of-ethics.html>
Media, Entertainment & Arts Alliance (MEAA), "Uniform shield
law needed to protect confidential
sources". Inc. 2 April 2013. Web 8 May 2013.
URL <http://www.alliance.org.au/uniform-shield-law-needed-to-protect-confidential-sources>
URL <http://www.alliance.org.au/uniform-shield-law-needed-to-protect-confidential-sources>
Pearson, Mark. Journlaw. "Call for uniform shield laws is worth
support, but not an easy fix."
Inc. 11 April 2013. Web 8
May 2013.
URL <http://journlaw.com/2013/04/11/call-for-uniform-shield-laws-is-worth-
supporting-but-not-an-easy-fix/>
Queensland Parliamentary Library and Research Service (QPLRS). "Shield Laws for Jouranlists." Inc February 2012. Web 7 May 2013.
URL<http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/documents/explore/ResearchPublications/
ResearchBriefs/2012/RBR201203.pdf>
URL <http://journlaw.com/2013/04/11/call-for-uniform-shield-laws-is-worth-
supporting-but-not-an-easy-fix/>
Queensland Parliamentary Library and Research Service (QPLRS). "Shield Laws for Jouranlists." Inc February 2012. Web 7 May 2013.
URL<http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/documents/explore/ResearchPublications/
ResearchBriefs/2012/RBR201203.pdf>
The News Manual. "Contempt & Court reporting in
Australia." Inc 2008. Web 8 May 2013. URL
<http://www.thenewsmanual.net/Resources/medialaw_in_australia_03.html>
The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, House
of Representatives. "Evidence Amendment
(Jouranlists' Privilege) Bill 2009." Web 7 May 2013. URL <http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/legislation/ems/r4091_
ems_4a37cb5b-b745-476b-946a-9b66e8abff1a/upload_pdf/327408.pdf
;fileType=application%2Fpdf>
Should a Journalist be liable for the work they produce?
To what extent should journalists be personally liable for
their work and exposed to defamation action over their stories?
Journalism is one of the only professions that allows
information to be distributed out to a mass of people known as the public
sphere. (Simpson) One setback to this is laws regarding defamation which hold a
journalist or member of the public, such as a blogger personally responsible
for the information they publish. Journalists like other professions are also governed
by a code of ethics and standards as set by the Australian Press Council (APC).
Part of the standards which journalists abide to is sharing information that is
of public interest which can lead to revealing information that some may not
like being released. The laws of defamation are constant concerns for
journalists.
Defamation is of concern to a journalist as they are held
responsible for the work they publish, just like any other citizen or blogger
who may defame another. Journalists' strive for publishing information about
"people and their activities." (Pearson, page 183) Their work is
grounded by the APC's guidelines which include publishing "accurate, fair
and balanced reporting." (APC, paragraph 5) One would assume that this
would mean their works are published only once they have evidence from an
ethical source. If their source is ethical and obtained legally why should a
journalist be threatened with legal action for doing their job? Journalists reveal
information to keep the public informed on political and social issues. Despite
following guidelines, the government sees defamation as a wrong injuring
another's reputation.
Journalists should take responsibility for the works they
produce and publish. There are defences in their favour for merely informing
the public and holding people to account. Although defamation imposes
restrictions on journalists, quality journalism is not lost. (in Pearson)
Journalists have several defences, the first is apologising which under the
defamation Act is a defence if the plaintiff accepts an offer of amends.
(Pearson, page 216) However, should an offer not be accepted truth or
justification is next in-line as a defence. As every journalist should have
evidence of the claims that justifies the published material is "telling
the truth about a man [plaintiff], his reputation is not lowered beyond its
proper level, but is merely brought down to it." (AEU, paragraph 4) Quality
journalism shouldn't be affected by defamation, in many cases journalists find
their employer will assist in defending any defamation action.
Accepting your responsibility for writing and conveying
information develops your journalistic skills and fosters accountability and
trust with your readers. (in Pearson) Most journalists are members of the Media
Entertainment & Arts Alliance (MEAA) which also provides a code of ethics
for journalists to follow. The MEAA code
of ethics describes just why a journalist should accept responsibility for their
writing:
"They scrutinise power, but also exercise it, and should be accountable. Accountability engenders trust. Without trust, journalists do not fulfil their public responsibilities." (MEAA, paragraph 1)
Fair and accurate journalism that fosters accountability and trust with the public is worth taking responsibility for and attaining.
"They scrutinise power, but also exercise it, and should be accountable. Accountability engenders trust. Without trust, journalists do not fulfil their public responsibilities." (MEAA, paragraph 1)
Fair and accurate journalism that fosters accountability and trust with the public is worth taking responsibility for and attaining.
Works
cited
Australian Education Union (AEU). "Defamation and Report
Writing." Web 8 May 2012.
URL <http://aeutas.org.au/Portals/0/Documents/Services/Legal%20and%20Industrial/Defam
ation%20and%20Report%20Writing_aspx.htm>
URL <http://aeutas.org.au/Portals/0/Documents/Services/Legal%20and%20Industrial/Defam
ation%20and%20Report%20Writing_aspx.htm>
Australian Press Council (APC). "Statement of Principles."
Web 8 May 2013.
URL <http://www.presscouncil.org.au/statements-of-principles/>
URL <http://www.presscouncil.org.au/statements-of-principles/>
Simpson, Lindsay. "Public Sphere." James Cook University.
Townsville, IN. 7 March 2012. Notes
via Web 8 May 2012.
URL <http://www.nickosullivan.id.au/2012/03/public-sphere.html>
URL <http://www.nickosullivan.id.au/2012/03/public-sphere.html>
Media, Entertainment & Arts Alliance (MEAA), "Media Alliance
Code of Ethics". Web 8 May 2013. URL
<www.alliance.org.au/code-of-ethics.html>
Parliamentary Education Office (PEO). "Separation of Powers:
Parliament, Executive
and Judiciary." Inc. 18 October 2012. Web 8 May 2013.
URL <http://www.peo.gov.au/students/fact_sheets/separation_powers_parliament_execut
ive_judiciary.html>
and Judiciary." Inc. 18 October 2012. Web 8 May 2013.
URL <http://www.peo.gov.au/students/fact_sheets/separation_powers_parliament_execut
ive_judiciary.html>
Pearson, Mark & Mark
Polden. 4th Edition The Jouranlist's Guide to Media Law. Allen &
Unwin, 2011. Print
Unwin, 2011. Print
The Advantages & Disadvantages of Austrlaia's System of Governance
Our federal system of government means that our states have
quite different laws in some areas and that the courts in different states come
to different conclusions. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of this system.
The Australian Federal system of government entitles each
state and territory to have varying laws. This system of governance allows for
courts in different states to come to different conclusions when a court hears a
case. The advantages and disadvantages of this system will be discussed further.
Each state and territory has the explicit ability to create laws that they may
have a vested interest in. Laws within Australia are built upon several
doctrines that are specified in the Australian Constitution one of which is
‘separation of powers.’ The principal of precedent or the authority of
appellate courts, binds all Australian courts, excluding the High Court of
Australia. The Australian system of government allows each jurisdiction to
enforce laws according to their interests.
The ability for states to create laws that they may have an
interest in comes from the Australian Constitution. Section 51 of the
Constitution of Australia specifies the areas, which the Federal Government has
legislative power while powers not included are known as ‘residual powers.’ (AustLII) This system has
advantages for the Federal Government which is able to introduce laws that will
override state legislation if it exists on the matters specified in the
section. This section lists 40 matters that the Federal government may
legislate on. The introduction reads:
"The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth." (Section 51)
Although this may be seen as a disadvantage the matters covered are those that one would expect a "responsible government" to control such as international trade, taxation, postal and immigration. (Wikipedia) Matters not covered by Federal legislation are left for the states to determine. Commonwealth legislation also prevails should state legislation be inconsistent with the law of the commonwealth:
"The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth." (Section 51)
Although this may be seen as a disadvantage the matters covered are those that one would expect a "responsible government" to control such as international trade, taxation, postal and immigration. (Wikipedia) Matters not covered by Federal legislation are left for the states to determine. Commonwealth legislation also prevails should state legislation be inconsistent with the law of the commonwealth:
"When a
law of a State is inconsistent with a law of the Commonwealth, the latter shall
prevail, and the former shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be
invalid." (Section 109)
Furthermore
the Australian federal system of government is divided up into three
categories; legislative, executive and judicial. (PEO) In Australia there are nine
legal systems, though confusing at first it breaks laws up depending upon the
state you live in, which may be seen as an advantage for most Australians:
"The
eight state and territory systems and one federal system. However, it is the
state and territory criminal laws that mainly affect the day-to-day lives of
most Australians." (DOFAT, paragraph 6)
The ability for states to have different laws means the courts of each state may come to a different conclusion. While many laws vary throughout the states one law of interest to journalists should be the Defamation Act for the state they reside in. Pearson & Polden specify the main variations in the acts are the roles of judges and the jury:
"Juries are not used in civil trials in South Australia, the ACT or the Nothern Territory, so judicial officers perform all roles in those jurisdictions."(Pearson, page 186)
The ability for states to have different laws means the courts of each state may come to a different conclusion. While many laws vary throughout the states one law of interest to journalists should be the Defamation Act for the state they reside in. Pearson & Polden specify the main variations in the acts are the roles of judges and the jury:
"Juries are not used in civil trials in South Australia, the ACT or the Nothern Territory, so judicial officers perform all roles in those jurisdictions."(Pearson, page 186)
The absence
of a jury in the states mentioned could mean matters are not resolved as
"openly" as what they could be if a jury was present. This would
affect the decisions of courts in other states, however the inferior courts
would look to similar cases resolved by higher courts.
Although Australia's system of governance varies between the
states it allows each state to make laws in the best interests of their voters,
those in court are still protected and entitled to a fair trial.
Works
cited:
AustLII. "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act." Web
10 May 2013.
URL <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/>
URL <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/>
Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
(DOFAT)."Legal system." Inc February 2012. Web 8 May 2013.
URL <http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/legal_system.html>
URL <http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/legal_system.html>
Parliamentary
Education Office (PEO). "Separation of Powers: Parliament, Executive and
Judiciary." Inc. 18 October 2012. Web 8 May 2013.
URL <http://www.peo.gov.au/students/fact_sheets/separation_powers_parliament_executive_judiciary.html>
URL <http://www.peo.gov.au/students/fact_sheets/separation_powers_parliament_executive_judiciary.html>
Pearson,
Mark & Mark Polden." 4th Edition The Jouranlist's Guide to Media Law."
Allen & Unwin, 2011. Print
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. "Responsible
government." 31 March 2013.
Web 8 May 2013.
URL <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government>
URL <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government>
URL <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia>
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)